Auction Information

Game Theory, Nobel Prize, & Auctions - Auction Primer Series - Part 1


William Vickrey, highly regarded as the founder of auction theory, was an economics professor at Columbia University when he published two papers outlining his views on auctions:

"Counterspeculation, Auctions, and Competitive Sealed Tenders", 1961, Journal of Finance

"Auction and Bidding Games", 1962, Recent Advances in Game Theory

In 1996 he received a Nobel Prize "for fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information." It's important to understand that asymmetric information is an essential component of auctions, where potential buyers have varying levels of knowledge about the value of the item.

Although Vickrey considered his work on auctions as "one of my digressions into abstract economics, at best of minor significance in terms of human welfare", to those of us who work with online auctions, much of what he outlined is useful to understanding our marketplace.

Vickrey identified 4 general types of auctions:

English
Dutch
First-price sealed bid
Second-price sealed bid

English Auctions
The most common type of auction is the English Auction, although it may also be known as an ascending price auction. In ascending price auctions each subsequent bid is higher than the previous one. This is the most popular type of auction for single items.

Although traditional ascending price auctions use a "soft close" format - where bidding continues until a final bid is placed, the majority of today's on-line auction sites use the "hard close" format - also known as a 'time interval" auction having a set time limit, regardless of ongoing bidding. It's important to note that in a "soft close" format, bid snipping, that is bidding during the last few seconds or minutes on an item, is eliminated since the auction stays open as long as bids are being made.

In an attempt to minimize bid snipping and provide more of a "soft close" characteristic to their "hard close" auctions, eBay allows bidders to use "proxy bidding". In proxy bidding, a bidder enters the highest price they are willing to pay for an item when they first bid. The bid begins at the lowest possible level and increases automatically only if their original lowest bid has been beaten. For more in-depth information on the "proxy bidding capability on eBay go here.

http://pages.ebay.com/help/buy/proxy-bidding.html

Amazon.com currently offers a feature for their auctions called "Going, Going, Gone." The Going, Going, Gone" feature extends the end of an auction for 10 minutes if a bid is placed effectively creating a "soft close". For more information on the "Going, Going, Gone" feature on Amazon go here. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/browse/-/1161360/103-1666189-8415007#going-gone

From the buyers standpoint a "hard close" format is preferable since they may be able to make a final bid before others can react, possibly winning the auction at a lower price.

For sellers, a "soft close" format provides an opportunity to realize the maximum price for an item by removing the time restrictions for an auction. As long as bidders are bidding the auction remains open.

Dutch Auctions
As you may have guessed, the concept of the Dutch auction originates in the Netherlands. Unlike English auctions which utilize ascending price methods, Dutch auctions are descending price auctions and are commonly used when multiples of the same items are to be auctioned. In a Dutch auction the bidding starts at a relatively high price which is driven progressively downward by bids.

As an example of a Dutch auction let's say you had 10 items you wanted to sell for $20 each.

Bidder A bids $18 for 6 items
Bidder B bids $17 for 5 items
The final result is:
Bidder A would receive 6 items for $17 each
Bidder B would receive 4 items for $17 each

Please note that most Dutch auctions allow bidders to refuse an order for a lesser number of items than what they bid on. A "soft" or "hard close" format may be used in Dutch auctions although the most common is the "hard close".

First-price Sealed Bid Auctions
Sealed bid auctions differ from the English and Dutch in as much as the bids are not announced to other bidders. The individual bid is only know to the bidder and the seller. This type of auction may be either buyer-bid, where the highest bidder wins the item and pays the amount of their bid, or seller-bid, where the lowest bidder sells the item and is paid the amount of the bid. This form of auction is common for construction contracting, military procurement, foreign exchanges, and other types of goods.

Second-price Sealed Bid Auctions
Another common name for second-price sealed bid auctions is Vickrey auctions (named after William Vickrey) There is a slight variation to the first-price auction for Vickery auctions. In a buyer-bid auction the highest bidder buys the item and pays the amount of the second highest bid. Or in a seller-bid auction, the lowest bidder sells the item and is paid the amount of the second lowest bid.

The above descriptions provide a general overview of the most popular auction types in use today. Depending on the auction website these general categories may include a number of variations and options such as reserve pricing, open or closed venue, multiple items, fixed price and lot listings to mention a few. Before entering any particular type of auctions make sure you study and understand the rules for that specific type of auction, as the rules may vary from website to website.

Copyright © Steven Woodward - All Rights Reserved

Steven Woodward is the owner, editor and publisher of the Auction Sellers Network (ASN); a web site for individuals and companies who are serious about utilizing the online auction marketplace for their business. In addition to topical articles, ASN provides an extensive resource center, news feeds and member forums. For more information, or to become a member, please visit us at http://www.AuctionSellersNetwork.com

No permission is needed to reproduce an unedited copy of this article as long the About the Author tag is left in tact and included. We do request that we be informed of where it is posted and reciprocal links will be considered.


MORE RESOURCES:

CEP News

Treasurys down after $30B auction
CNNMoney.com - 12 hours ago
By Julianne Pepitone, CNNMoney.com contributing writer NEW YORK (CNNMoney.com) -- Treasury prices fell Wednesday - after a record $30 billion auction of ...
Borrowing binge exacerbates selling in US bonds Reuters India
Bond prices decline even as Treasury auctions off a record $30 ... CanadianBusiness.com
all 134 news articles


Los Angeles Times

BOND REPORT: Treasurys Modestly Lower Ahead Of Three-year Notes ...
CNNMoney.com - 17 hours ago
Another $112 billion in short-term bill auctions are scheduled as well. Also on tap, Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson will discuss the role of Fannie Mae ...
US Treasuries Decline Before Record $30 Billion Debt Auction Bloomberg
Weak Jobs Report Lifts Treasurys Wall Street Journal
TREASURIES-Longer bonds fall on auctions, issuance fears Reuters
EasyBourse.com - Wall Street Journal
all 195 news articles


BBC News

Japan’s 10-Year Bonds Fall; Surge in Sales Cools Auction Demand
Bloomberg - 1 hour ago
The sale drew bids worth 2.33 times the amount offered, compared with a so-called bid-to-cover ratio of 2.9 times at the previous auction last month. ...
Japanese 30-Year Bonds Decline as Dealers Prepare for Auction Bloomberg
Japan 10-Year Bonds Fall as Stock Gains Reduce Demand for Debt Bloomberg
Japan Bond Futures Fall as Stock Gains Reduce Demand for Debt Bloomberg
Bloomberg
all 638 news articles


Record UK Gilt Sales Raise Risk of Auction Failure
Bloomberg - 21 hours ago
7 (Bloomberg) -- Britain may overwhelm bond investors with a record number of quarterly debt sales, risking the first failed auctions since 2002 as the ...
Fears over UK gilts going unsold First Post
all 3 news articles


German Bond Auction Fails to Attract Enough Demand
Bloomberg - 15 hours ago
“I would call this a failed auction,” said David Keeble, head of fixed-income strategy in London at Calyon, the investment-banking unit of France’s Credit ...
Bond scare as German auction fails and British debt hits danger level Telegraph.co.uk
Investors shun auction of German Bunds Independent
Investors shun German bond auction Financial Times
all 21 news articles


Environment News Service

RGGI Moves Allowances in Second CO2 Auction
EP Magazine, TX - 1 hour ago
The states participating in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) recently announced the results of the second auction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ...
Sensible climate legislation Boston Globe
New York Joins 11-state Effort to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions ... ReadMedia (press release)
all 247 news articles


Missoula Art Museum to Host 37th Benefit Art Auction Exhibition
Art Daily - 5 hours ago
Missoula Art Museum will host the 37th Benefit Art Auction. This important benefit auction – Missoula’s longest running – is critical for MAM to continue ...


Click on thumbnails to see larger images:
Auction Central News, NY - 1 hour ago
(a)Bloomsbury Auctions Limited trading as Bloomsbury Auctions ("the Auctioneer") sells as agents for the seller (except where otherwise stated) and as such ...
Memoria Technica: or a New Method of Artificial Me Auction Central News
all 59 news articles


Voxy

Suppliers call for review of auction system
Otago Daily Times, New Zealand - 17 hours ago
By Neal Wallace on Thu, 8 Jan 2009 Fonterra suppliers are calling for an independent review of the company's Internet auction system after prices for whole ...
Farmers hit out at Fonterra The Press
World Milk Prices Continue to Decline - NZ's Fonterra FLEXNEWS
Milk powder prices curdle in crisis The Australian
NZ Herald Dunedin Metro
all 71 news articles


Premium tuna fetches $100000 in Tokyo auction
Malaysia Star, Malaysia - 6 hours ago
TOKYO (AP) - Two sushi bar owners paid more than $100000 for a Japanese bluefin tuna at a Tokyo fish auction Monday, about ten times the average price and ...

Auctions - Google News

home | site map
© 2006